CARING FOR ORPHANED KITTENS

by Joelle Steele

If a mother cat dies or is unable to raise her newborns, they will die -- unless you take over. If the mother is present but a kitten is not getting enough to eat, shows signs of neglect, or is weak, you will probably only have to help out. But, if there is no mother or if she isn't doing her job, you will have to do everything for the newborns.

The greatest threat to newborns is chilling. The kittens may huddle together, but that doesn't mean they are keeping sufficiently warm since they cannot yet retain their own body heat. Their temperatures drop after birth and their mother keeps them warm. During their first week, keep the floor temperature under their nest between 85-90 degrees F. Lower the temperature about five degrees each week until it reaches 70 degrees F. Shut doors and windows to prevent drafts.

A chilled kitten cries and crawls around, possibly sleeping apart from his mother or his littermates. With or without the mother, you must warm him. Tuck him into your clothing next to your skin, and allow him to warm gradually over a couple of hours. Do not feed him formula while he is chilled. Give him 1/2 cc per ounce of body weight of 5 to 10 percent glucose in water solution hourly. When he becomes active put him back with his mother or into the nest with his littermates.

A 20" square box makes a good nest for a litter of four. Line it with layers of newspaper on the bottom and old towels on top. Kittens cannot use a litter box until they are about four weeks old, so clean the box daily. Drape a lightweight blanket over half of the box to block light and cold. Keep the box in a quiet place away from people and other animals. Discourage children from visiting the babies until the kittens are four weeks old.

Kittens should double their birth weight in seven to ten days and should gain about 10 to 15 grams daily. To be sure you are feeding properly, weigh them daily (on a gram scale) for the first two weeks and every three or four days during the third and fourth week. You must know their exact weight to accurately feed them. They require feline formula and should not be fed cow's milk. Instructions for calculating the amount to be fed are included with the formula or you can consult your veterinarian.

Warm the formula to 100 degrees F and feed via dropper, syringe, or baby nursing bottle. Use a feeding tube if a kitten is too weak to nurse. Newborns need to be fed from three to five times a day. Keep the kitten in an upright position on his stomach so that the fluid doesn't go into his lungs. Open his mouth with your finger and insert the nipple. Feed slowly so that he doesn't choke. Tug a little on the bottle so that the kittens have to suck, but be sure the nipple hole is large enough for fluid to flow easily or they will give up eating because they have to work too hard to get the food.

After feeding, rub the kitten's back gently to burp him and expel air sucked in while feeding. Within fifteen minutes after feeding, gently massage his abdominal and perineal areas with a warm, wet cotton ball to stimulate the elimination process.

Overfeeding results in a loose yellow stool or diarrhea. Treat this by diluting the formula with two-thirds water until the stool is back to normal and then gradually return the formula to full strength. Underfed kittens cry a lot and gain little or no weight. They will probably chill and dehydrate. Warm them and give them a Ringer's lactate solution with 5 percent dextrose in water or give them Pedialyte.

During the first week, kittens require feeding about every four hours. Cut this back gradually being sure that normal weight gain is maintained. At about three weeks most kittens can lap formula from a shallow dish, and by about four weeks you can start mixing the formula down with water and a little bit of kitten food into a watery paste that you can thicken gradually over the next weeks until you can give them a separate dish of food and a shallow bowl of water at about six or seven weeks.

Kittens do not groom themselves and must be kept clean. Use a warm, moist cloth or cotton ball and wipe them clean daily, paying close attention to the anal area and the abdomen.  If their eyes or noses are crusty, use a clean moist cotton ball to wipe them clean. Whenever you clean and feed them, hold them close and pet them. They need that love, cuddling, and comfort to become socialized.